12-26 23:16:02 浏览次数:156次 栏目:教育学习
在有些欧洲国家里,人民享受最广泛的社会福利,如医疗保险等。(被动语态转主动语态)
(8)时间不早了,我们回去吧!
We don‘t have much time left. Let’s go back. (句型转换)
(9)学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。
All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically. (名词转副词)
4.拆句法和合并法:这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子,通常用于英译汉;合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句,一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合,结构较松散,因此简单句较多;英语强调形合,结构较严密,因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句;而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处,以及意群结束处将长句切断,译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序,顺译全句,顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。如:
(1) Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.
同中国加强合作,符合美国的利益。 (在主谓连接处拆译)
(2) I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.
我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。(在定语从句前拆译)
(3) This is particularly true of the countries of the commonwealth, who see Britain‘s membership of the Community a guarantee that the policies of the community will take their interests into account
英联邦各国尤其如此,它们认为英国加入欧共体,将能保证欧共体的政策照顾到它们的利益。(在定语从句前拆译)
(4)中国是个大国,百分之八十的人口从事农业,但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一,其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。
China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses.(合译)
5.正译法和反译法:这两种方法通常用于汉译英,偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译,是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果,但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道。如:
(1)在美国,人人都能买到枪。
In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正译)
In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反译)
(2)你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。
You can obtain this information on the Internet. (正译)
This information is accessible/available on the Internet. (反译)
(3)他突然想到了一个新主意。
Suddenly he had a new idea. (正译)
He suddenly thought out a new idea. (正译)
A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him. (反译)
(4)他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。
He still could not understand me. (正译)
Still he failed to understand me. (反译)
(5)无论如何,她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。
She can hardly be rated as a bright student. (正译)
She is anything but a bright student. (反译)
(6) Please withhold the document for the time being.
请暂时扣下这份文件。(正译)
请暂时不要发这份文件。(反译)
二、被动语态译法
英语中被动语态的使用范围极为广泛,尤其是在科技英语中,被动语态几乎随处可见,凡是在不必、不愿说出或不知道主动者的情况下均可使用被动语态,因此,掌握被动语态的翻译方法,对于硕士研究生入学考试的复习与应考是极为重要的,因为在硕士研究生入学考试中,英译汉文章的内容多以科普文章为主。在汉语中,也有被动语态,通常通过“把”或“被”等词体现出来,但它的使用范围远远小于英语中被动语态的使用范围,因此英语中的被动语态在很多情况下都翻译成主动结构。对于英语原文的被动结构,我们一般采取下列的方法:
1.翻译成汉语的主动句。英语原文的被动结构翻译成汉语的主动结构又可以进一步分为几种不同的情况。
(1)英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。在采用此方法时,我们往往在译文中使用了“加以”, “经过”, “用……来”等词来体现原文中的被动含义。例如:
例1. Other questions will be discussed briefly.
其它问题将简单地加以讨论。
例2. In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us.
换言之,矿物就是存在于地球上,但须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。
例3. Nuclear power‘s danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.
核能对健康、安全,甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词 - 辐射来概括。
(2)将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语,同时增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语。例如:
例1. It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real.
可能有人会指出,无线电广播同样也能做到这一点,但还是电视屏幕上的节目要生动、真实得多。
例2. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.
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